The three fundamental units of measurement in the science of Physics are:

1. Distance [measured in Meters (met.)].
2. Time [measured is Seconds (sec.)].
3. Mass [measured in Kilograms (kg.)].

The British 17^th Century thinker Isaac Newton essentially founded the modern science of Physics by establishing four very simple axioms:

1. The Law of Inertia.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
3. The Conservation of Linear Momentum (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction).
4. The Gravitational Constant (Configured in such a manner that the resultant units are in terms of Force, which can describe the elliptical orbits of the planets in the solar system.

The Classical Mechanics initiated by Newton achieved remarkable success up until around the beginning of the 20^th Century.  During the 18^th and 19^th Centuries, certain other physical postulates were asserted, such as the Conservation of Energy [Kinetic Energy plus Potential Energy equals Constant (KE + PE = C)]; as well as the Second Law of Thermodynamics (the state of Entropy of any physical system tends to increase over time).  At the beginning of the 20^th Century, however, the discoveries of the Quantum of Action (h) by Max Planck and the Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein disparaged the absolute validity of the prior Classical Physics.

During the 1920’s, the branch of Physics known as Quantum Mechanics (QM) was developed by scientists such as Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg, and Paul Dirac.  Essentially, the fundamental axiom of Quantum Mechanics is what is called the Schrodinger Wave Function (Psi Function).

The Psi Function is not, strictly speaking, a Kinematic Theory (Kinematics is a branch of Physics which deals with the motions of material bodies) but a Theory of Probability.  The Psi Function can predict, with the utmost accuracy, the likeliness of the outcomes of large numbers of empirical experiments on the microcosmic domain.

To state the case mathematically, the Psi Function predicts the outcome of a particular experiment based on the probability amplitude squared of the resultant vector:
[(PA)² = V].

The tenets of QM are held by contemporary science to be capable of analyzing processes at the atomic and sub-atomic level, even though the Uncertainty Relation of Heisenberg proves that nothing at this diameter (10^-10 met.) can even in principle be an empirical concept.

Since the age of Newton, Physicists and Chemists have searched in vain for the fundamental building block of Nature, the alleged Elementary Corpuscle.  The notion that if we keep building these gigantic particle accelerators, empirical verifications of nebulous hypotheses like the “Graviton” or the “Higg’s Boson” can be accomplished, belies a misunderstanding of the nature of Reality itself.

In the ancient world, Water was held to be one of the four Elements (the other three being Earth, Air, and Fire).  Then in the 18^th Century, Water was shown to be composed of two underlying types of Atoms: Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Yet an Element on the Periodic Table such as Carbon, Hydrogen, or Oxygen was itself later seen to contain even smaller particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.  Now it seems as though the Nucleons (Protons and Neutrons) themselves are composite structures made up of Quarks, Leptons, etc.  No matter how far science has dug down it has never found these basic, indivisible building blocks of existence.

The Theory of Atomism (that the World is composed of nothing but Atoms in the Void) was merely one of a number of competing metaphysical theories of the ancient world, and can show how Physics has much to learn from Philosophy.  Immanuel Kant demonstrated that, when contrasting different metaphysical constructs, it is not a question of sheer truth or falsity.

Perhaps the world can be thought of as not composed of Elementary Corpuscles but of Infinitesimal Events.  An Event is defined as the appearance of Mass (kg.) at a certain point in Space (met.³) at a certain time (1/sec.).  This paradigm is elaborated on more fully at the website: “http://www.phenomenologybooks.com.”  Also, the reader is referred to the book: HYPERMETROPHIA: A Phenomenological Unified Theory of Fields, where these thought processes are presented in a more organized fashion.

Recently the attempt is being made to synthesize the two major systems of thought within contemporary Physics, namely Quantum Mechanics with the General Theory of Relativity.  This is obviously an unattainable goal, simply because of the fact that these two systems of mathematical thought are axiomatically irreconcilable with each other.  This attempt can result only in a complex, incoherent failure.

The Theory of Relativity is primarily concerned with calibrations of coordinate systems (Invariant Transformations).  There is hardly any empirical data contained in it; notably the equivalence of inertial and gravitational Mass, as well as the Invariance of the Speed of Light in a vacuum.

The vast majority of the General Theory of Relativity (GR) is composed of the Tensor Calculus, a type of Linear Algebra containing 4-Dimensional arrays that are true for all possible observers.  This methodology was successful, for instance, in incorporating the equations of James Clerk Maxwell that describe the electro-magnetic Field.

In the domain of the solar system, GR is essentially equivalent to the Classical Mechanics.  The increase in empirical accuracy of GR is limited to minor fluctuations in the orbit of the planet Mercury.  Yet the entire scientific world-view had been upended by the relativistic theory, going back to the “Relational Space” of Leibniz; and explaining the mysterious “Instantaneous action at a distance” about which Newton famously remarked “Hypothesis non fingo” (I make no hypotheses).

Newton in his axioms defined Mass as a sort of negative resistance to inertia.  Mass was conceived by him to be proportional to the amount of influence necessary to further alter an object’s trajectory.  For example, a bowling ball weighing 1 kg. requires more Force to move it than the Force required to move a billiard ball that weighs 100 grams (0.1 kg).  Likewise, a marble of 10 grams (0.01 kg.) would accelerate even faster given the same Force applied on it upon moment of impact.  To a certain extent, Physics treated Mass as entirely dependent upon these space-time Kinematics to ascertain its quantity.

The Theory of Relativity accounts for the concept of Mass in a rather awkward and incomplete manner within its 4-Dimensional Space-Time Dynamics.  Concepts such as a 4-Force or the Energy-Stress-Momentum Tensor are clearly an area upon which GR can be improved.

Rather than attempting to make progress by clumsily trying to combine QM with GR, we can advance Physics by incorporating the concept of Mass as a primary variable within the Tensor Calculus of GR itself.  I have been working on a set of as yet unfinished equations to accomplish this task.

In these forthcoming equations, Mass is defined as “Substance” and is construed as constituting neither a Particle nor a Wave, but as an expansion and curvature of the Space-Time Continuum.  The “Quantum Jumping” problem can be solved by making the Displacement Vectors discrete rather than continuous.

By incorporating the unit of measurement of Mass (kg.) in a fundamental way into the Tensor Calculus of GR, this series of equations shall seek to unify the Microcosmic Domain (Quantum Mechanics), the Macrocosmic Domain (Classical Physics), the Cosmoscopic Domain (General Relativity), and electromagnetism (Maxwell’s equations).  Here the overall goals will be simplification and explanation, rather than description or predictability.